What Is the National Snow and Ice Data Center

The National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) is an organization that archives and manages scientific data issued from polar and glacier ice research. Despite its name, the NSIDC is not a government agency, but a research organization affiliated with the University of Colorado Boulder’s Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences. It does have agreements with and funding from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the National Science Foundation. The Center is led by Dr. Mark Serreze, a faculty member at UC Boulder. The stated goal of NSIDC is to support research into the world’s frozen realms: the snow, ice, glaciers, frozen ground (permafrost) that make up the planets cryosphere. NSIDC maintains and provides access to scientific data, it creates tools for data access and to supports data users, it performs scientific research, and it fulfills a public education mission.   Why Do We Study Snow and Ice? Snow and ice (the cryosphere) research is a scientific field which is extremely relevant to global climate change. On one hand, glacier ice provides a record of past climates. Studying the air trapped in ice can help us understand the atmospheric concentration of various gases in the distant past. In particular, carbon dioxide concentrations and rates of ice deposition can be tied to past climates. On the other hand, ongoing changes in the amount of snow and ice play some key roles in the future of our climate, in transportation and infrastructure, on freshwater availability, on sea level rises, and directly on high-latitude communities. The study of ice, whether it’s in glaciers or in polar regions, presents a unique challenge as it is generally difficult to access. Data collection in those regions is expensive to do and it has long been recognized that collaboration between agencies, and even between countries, is necessary to make significant scientific progress. NSIDC provides researchers with online access to datasets which can be used to detect trends, test hypotheses, and build models to evaluate how ice will behave over time. Remote Sensing as a Major Tool for Cryosphere Research Remote sensing has been one of the most important tools for data collection in the frozen world. In this context, remote sensing is the acquisition of imagery from satellites. Dozens of satellites currently orbit the Earth, collecting imagery in a variety of bandwidth, resolution, and regions. These satellites provide a convenient alternative to costly data gathering expeditions to the poles, but the accumulating time series of images require well-designed data storage solutions. NSIDC can assist scientists with archiving and accessing these massive amounts of information. NSIDC Supports Scientific Expeditions Remote sensing data is not always sufficient; sometimes scientists have to collect data on the ground. For example, NSIDC researchers are closely monitoring a rapidly changing section of sea ice in Antarctica, collecting data from the seafloor sediment, the shelf ice, all the way up to the coastal glaciers. Another NSIDC researcher is working towards improving scientific understanding of climate change in Canada’s north by using indigenous knowledge. The Inuit residents of the Nunavut territory hold many generations’ worth of knowledge on snow, ice, and wind seasonal dynamics and provide a unique perspective on ongoing changes. Important Data Synthesis and Dissemination NSIDC’s best-known work is perhaps the monthly reports it produces summarizing Arctic and Antarctic sea ice conditions, as well as the state of the Greenland ice cap. Their Sea Ice Index is released daily and it provides a snapshot of sea ice extent and concentration going all the way back to 1979. The index includes an image of each pole showing the extent of ice in comparison to an outline of the median ice edge. These images have been providing striking evidence of the sea ice retreat we have been experiencing. Some recent situations highlighted in daily reports include: January 2017 averaged the lowest January Arctic ice extent since records have been kept in 1978.In March 2016 the extent of Arctic sea ice peaked at 5.6 million square miles, the lowest extent observed, beating the previous record established in – no surprise – 2015.

A Profile of Barry Goldwater - “Mr. Conservative”

Barry Goldwater was a 5-term US Senator from Arizona and the Republican nominee for president in 1964. Mr. Conservative Barry Goldwater and the Genesis of the Conservative Movement In the 1950s, Barry Morris Goldwater emerged as the nation’s leading conservative politician. It was Goldwater, along with his growing legion of â€Å"Goldwater Conservatives,† who brought the concepts of small government, free enterprise, and a strong national defense into the national public debate. These were the original planks of the conservative movement and remain the heart of the movement today. Beginnings Goldwater entered politics in 1949, when he won a seat as a Phoenix city councilman. Three years later, in 1952, he became a US Senator for Arizona. For nearly a decade, he helped redefine the Republican Party, assembling it into the party of the conservatives. In the late 1950s, Goldwater became closely associated with the anti-Communist movement and was an avid supporter of Sen. Joseph McCarthy. Goldwater stuck with McCarthy until the bitter end and was one of only 22 members of Congress who refused to censure him. Goldwater supported desegregation and civil rights to varying degrees. He got himself into political hot water, however, with his opposition to legislation that would eventually turn into the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Goldwater was a passionate Constitutionalist, who had supported the NAACP and had backed previous versions of civil rights legislation, but he opposed the 1964 bill because he believed it violated states’ rights to self-govern. His opposition earned him political support from conservative southern Democrats, but he was detested as a â€Å"racist† by many blacks and minorities. Presidential Aspirations Goldwater’s rising popularity in the South in the early 1960s helped him win a tough bid for the Republican presidential nomination in 1964. Goldwater had been looking forward to running an issue-oriented campaign against his friend and political rival, President John F. Kennedy. An avid pilot, Goldwater had planned to fly around the country with Kennedy, in what the two men believed would be a revival of the old whistle-stop campaign debates. Kennedys Death Goldwater was devastated when those plans were cut short by Kennedy’s death in late 1963, and he mourned the president’s passing profoundly. Nevertheless, he won the Republican nomination in 1964, setting up a showdown with Kennedy’s vice president, Lyndon B. Johnson, who he despised and would later accuse of â€Å"using every dirty trick in the book.† Introducing ... Mr. Conservative During the Republican National Convention in 1964, Goldwater gave perhaps the most conservative acceptance speech ever uttered when he said, â€Å"I would remind you that extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice. And let me remind you also that moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue.† This statement prompted one member of the press to exclaim, â€Å"My God, Goldwater is running as Goldwater!† The Campaign Goldwater was not prepared for the brutal campaign tactics of the vice president. Johnson’s philosophy was to run as though he were 20 points behind, and he did just that, crucifying the Arizona Senator in a series of vicious television ads. Comments Goldwater made during the previous ten years were taken out of context and used against him. For example, he had once told members of the press that he sometimes thought the country would be better off if the entire Eastern Seaboard were sawed off and floated out to sea. The Johnson campaign ran an ad showing a wooden model of the United States in a tub of water with a saw hacking off the Eastern states. The Effectiveness of Negative Campaigning Perhaps the most damning and personally offensive ad to Goldwater was the one called â€Å"Daisy,† which showed a young girl counting flower petals as a male voice counted down from ten to one. At the end of the ad, the girl’s face was frozen as images of nuclear war played in the shadows and a voice extolled Goldwater, implying he would launch a nuclear attack if elected. Many consider these ads to be the beginnings of the modern negative campaign period which continues to this day. Goldwater lost in a landslide, and Republicans lost many seats in Congress, setting the conservative movement back significantly. Goldwater won his seat in the Senate again in 1968 and continued to earn respect from his political peers on Capitol Hill. Nixon In 1973, Goldwater had a significant hand in the resignation of President Richard M. Nixon. The day before Nixon resigned, Goldwater told the president that if he stayed in office, Goldwater’s vote would be in favor of impeachment. The conversation coined the term â€Å"Goldwater moment,† which is still used today to describe the moment a group of the president’s fellow party members vote against him or publicly take a position opposite him. Reagan In 1980, Ronald Reagan won a crushing defeat over incumbent Jimmy Carter and columnist George Will called it a victory for conservatives, saying Goldwater had actually won the 1964 election, â€Å"†¦ it just took 16 years to count the votes.† The New Liberal The election would eventually mark the decline of Goldwater’s conservative influence as the social conservatives and the Religious Right began to slowly take over the movement. Goldwater vociferously opposed their two top issues, abortion and gay rights. His views came to be regarded as more â€Å"Libertarian† than conservative, and Goldwater later admitted with wonder that he and his ilk were the â€Å"new liberals of the Republican party.† Goldwater died in 1998 at the age of 89.

Attitude towards Advertising - 2215 Words

Attitude towards advertising Attitude is the best evaluation tools towards objects, people, and issues (Solomon, Marshall, Stuart, 2008). In the simplest way, attitude is a mindset that enables to affect a person behavior or their action on a certain situation, which the actions are based on their past experiences. While, it can also understand as the individual responses are affected by their attitudes; and their attitudes are organized by the experiences (Pickens, 2009). In addition, attitude is also known as hypothetical constructs because it cannot directly be observed. However, some specific indirect indicators such as verbal expressions can be used to measure the attitudes (Zikmund, Babin, Carr, Griffin, 2010). Therefore, there are several statements are used to measure the attitudes (Pollay Mittal, 1993). Attitude towards advertising is a crucial concept as it is able to affect the advertisements effectively (Lutz, 1985; Mehta and Purvis, 1995; Mehta, 2000); meanwhile it can influence the perspective of a consumer to an advertisement (Mehta, 2000). For instance, a respondent’s favorable or unfavorable responses can be measured through the attitude towards advertising (MacKenzie Lutz, 1989). In the past studies, there are many researchers reported unfavorable attitude towards advertising (Alwitt Prabhaker, 1994; Mittal, 1994); and there is also a study stated that during 1960s and 1970s, there is a negative trend about the public attitude towards advertisingShow MoreRelatedInfluences of Advertising to Consumer Attitude Towards Buying a Product4796 Words   |  20 PagesTHESIS STATEMENT Advertisements are lifeline of companies. It persuades customers to buy their product. Everyone can use advertisements but they must obey the law. There are many types of advertisement that can influence consumer’s attitude to buy a product. The researchers think that TV ad is the most influential type of advertisement because most people watch TV and unlike other advertisements TV ad has the ability to convey your message with sight, sound, and motion. they more accurate to influenceRead MoreInternet Marketing Relevance and Consumer Attitudes toward Internet Advertising1245 Words   |  5 Pagesconsumer attitudes toward Internet Advertisement. The analysis is based on a consumer survey conducted in India as well as other countries. For this purpose, a representative quota sample of Internet users in India has been interviewed. The finding of this study provides marketers with an understanding of consumers, their attitude toward advertising, so designers and marketers can b etter strategize their advertising designs. Internet advertising, aka Web advertising or online advertising, is a fastRead MoreConsumer vs. Physicians Attitudes Toward Health Products Advertising2806 Words   |  12 PagesConsumer vs. Physicians attitudes toward health products advertising Nowadays many advertisements of health products are placed on many satellite channels. These health products include medications. Accordingly, consumers may perceive these ads in a way that differs from physicians and each would have different attitudes. Previous studies have shown that physicians generally would be opposed to health care advertising for a number of reasons. For example, doctors might feel that medical professionalsRead MoreEffect Of Advertising On Society Essay1728 Words   |  7 PagesTalking about advertising, on the one hand, it is good for its functions, displays, etc.; on the other hand, sometimes it is too good to be true, the way they bring the messages to the consumers which state â€Å"the number one †¦Ã¢â‚¬ . What truly are the miscommunications and how do the viewers react to different types of stimulation among those, are there negative or positive results? This review of literature scope was led by the following question: When it comes to commun ication and advertising are there positiveRead MoreSocial Psychologists And The Human Information Processing System1632 Words   |  7 Pages(Markus, 1977). It has been argued that advertising over the past decade has not presented a realistic view of women and their roles in society. The controversy over the portrayal of women in advertising continues today. Increasingly, women are taking on a broader role in society. For example, with more than half of Canadian women working outside the home it would be ethically sound and make marketing sense to depict women more accurately in advertising. However, as we enter this new decade, thereRead MoreMarketing Research Topics1249 Words   |  5 Pagesgiven: Topics for Research in Marketing The effects of pharmaceutical dispensing pattern on consumer store patronage Table turnover augmentation: variables affecting the time spent in dining experience A comparative study on application of advertising through cell phone framework among various types of goods and services Market entry strategy in an emerging market using Country of Origin information Impact of brand awareness on consumer/brand loyalty: A study of packages milk brands CharacteristicsRead MoreStakeholder Analysis : Business Analysis1384 Words   |  6 Pages Munusamy and Wong argue that advertising has become one of the important elements in our modern life (Munusamy and Wong). According to the most recent forecast of US advertising spending, eMarketer expects US advertisers to spend $171.01 billion on paid media this year, up 3.6% over 2012 spending levels (US Total Media Ad Spend Inches Up, Pushed by Digital - EMarketer.). Besides, the increasing concern from the businessmen who spend a lot of money on advertising, there are also a rising numberRead MoreUse Of Offensiveness And Offensive Advertising On The Arab World Muslim Dominated Country1634 Words   |  7 PagesThis research investigates the nature of offensiveness and offensive advertising from the viewpoint of the millennial youth in Egypt (an Arab world Muslim dominated country). It aims to understand what these youth reflections on religiosity are and whether they affects their views o n what is considered to be offensive in advertising. The problem of offensive advertising and religiosity is that they are highly subjective issues where even youth that come from the same culture, demographics and ideologiesRead MoreProviding a Theoretical and Practical Guidance for Fear Appeal Advertising1672 Words   |  7 Pages1. Abstract: The purpose of this study is to provide theoretical and practical guidance for fear appeal advertising. This research will do so by using the predictions of the Ordered Protection Motivation model to improve the effectiveness of threat appeals and studying it in an anti-smoking communications. Previous research into this area has been flawed by a number of improper assumptions therefore leaving a weak theoretical base and a need for more practical guidance. For this research, the levelRead MoreHow Music Is Used For Advertising1524 Words   |  7 PagesHow Music is Used in Commercials Now adays and before music is an important factor in media advertising. As media is tool for advertising and it reaches to many users and customers music can play very significant role. And music serve the general promotion targets in business. Jingle music is very common technique for aiding the ad. Most of popular companies in globe are very succesfull because of using Jingle music in their ads. A very good jingle attracts the consumer s attention and makes

Countryside v.s City Life free essay sample

Life Have you ever thought about your birth place? Do you make your own decision where to live? I believe every person, in a certain time, think about the place they should live: countryside or city? To make the best choice, we must look at three big differences between countryside and city: the environment, education, entertainment. First of all, the countryside has a quiet and peaceful environment. Since most people living in the countryside make their living mainly on farming, the atmosphere is kept fresh and healthy. They are living close to the nature with green vegetables, pure water. In the countryside, people are neither in a hurry, nor anxious. They can stay in their house until they feel the need to visit their farm. On the contrary, the city has a busy and stressful environment. Everyday city dwellers have to face with pollution by noise and smoke from a huge amount of vehicles. We will write a custom essay sample on Countryside v.s City Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Since many people work in factories or offices, and they also get paid by working hours, every day they are full of schedules and plans. As a result, they are suffering more pressures than those living in the countryside. The next difference between city and countryside is education. In the countryside, there are not many high graded school, many students have to go to the big city for higher education. While schools in the countryside don’t provide much services for students, many schools in the big city are equipped with modern labs supporting for practice and research. Others with workshops on or off campus give the learners the best training for later work. Schools in big cities also offer many activities for low grade students like field trips and boys and girls club. In higher levels, with many exhibitions, fairs, festivals and conferences, students are much easier to do their researches. Entertainment is another concern of many people. In the countryside, entertainment is only in some physical activities: fishing, biking, hiking, swimming. These things, in fact, are only practice outside and sometime not enough for the human nonstop needs. In big cities, there are more culture activities like concerts and cinemas making the richness of mental life. Entertainment of the nightlife including casinos, clubs, hotels, recreation and shopping centers, gyms, fashion centers, contributes to the liveliness of a city, which we are hardly find in the countryside. In conclusion, both countryside and city has their own values. Therefore, people can choose living in the countryside or in the city depending on their most needs. For me, each person only has one life. We are not able to choose the birth place but we completely can choose the place to live. That is the part of reaching our most optimal peak of life. Once we look back we are proud of the happy time we have ever lived in that place.